Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. School In April of 2007, zero tolerance policies were removed from Ontario schools.6. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. 2010). Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Secondary socialization refers to the social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, like school. How are schools teaching morality? (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. The role of peer groups was also discussed. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. Not all school violence is overt. As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). Students may not touch other students. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. 2007)depending on who is doing them. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. Chapter 4-Socialization-Sociology.ppt While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. Box 6.5 Declining Male Performance in ReadingA Moral Panic? Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. Identify how the role of the family differs from the role of the school in the socialization process. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. What solutions are being offered? Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. Socialization Examples in Sociology Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. This phenomenon of a network of disadvantageous social ties has been called negative social capital (Portes 1998). Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. A major emphasis in the curriculum is learning practical life skills and how to develop trust for persons in authority. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. of socialization Socialization Research Paper Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. WebSocialization is the cultural process of learning to participate in a social group. The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? Social Rules and Expectations for Children | Understood [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. 1010 Chapter 4: Socialization, Interaction, and the Self They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. 5. 9. Social Stratification In Education In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). Socialized Delinquency. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. 7. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations.
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